BYGRAMS (Diagrams of some BYPASS STRATEGIES)

                     Humanizing Hominid
                   --------------------->
            Hominid|  Z. A. Melzak      ^Hominid
           develops|  says "Hominid     |becomes
           external|  may have become   |Human
           Bypasses|  human by interior-|thru
           (such as|  izing bypassing"  |Bypassing
           some of |                    |
           those   |                    |
           below)  |                    |
                   V-------------------->
                   Interiorizes Bypassing
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                   How to GLIDE along
                   --------------------->
              From |                    ^Restore
            upright|                    |stable
             stable|   BIPEDAL       |position
           position|   WALKING      |on outstretched
              fall |                    |leg
            forward|                    |                        
                   V-------------------->                           
                   extend (say) left leg
                    (digitized gliding)
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            "fork" at dangerous site to dig marrow from bones
                   --------------------->
               take|                    ^Use fork
             likely| TOOL MAKING |to dig marrow
            bone or|                    |from bones
              stone|                    |in safety
             "home"|                    |of cave
 with marrow bones V-------------------->                               
                    shape marrow "fork"
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                 Water for bed-ridden kinfolk
                   --------------------->
               Take|                    ^Empty into
           shell or|                    |mouth of
             pot to|                    |suppliant
             stream|                    |
                   V-------------------->
                     Carry to suppliant	 
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               Need food or goods at another site      (Transport and Storage
                   --------------------->               form two large classes
               Pack|                    ^Empty          of Bypasses)
               into|                    |out for
              "bag"|                    |use
                   V-------------------->
                      Transport to site
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                   Sharing thoughts another
                   --------------------->
          Transform|  LANGUAGE AS    ^Heard words
          thoughts |     BYPASS         |transformed
         into words|                    |into thoughts
                   |                    |in hearer
                   V-------------------->
                         Speak words   
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                 Measuring inaccessible object
                   --------------------->
            Measure|                    ^
         shadow (b)|                    |Proportion:
            cast by|                    |a:b::x:c or
       shadow-stick|                    |a/b = x/c
           of known|                    |hence,
        length (a):|                    |x = ac/b
         tangent of|                    |
    shadow-triangle|                    |(Erastothenes estimated
             /|a   |                    | the diameter of the
            /_|    |                    | Earth by a similar
             b     V--------------------> Bypass)
                   Measure shadow cast at
                   same time by object
                   (say, pyramid)   /|
                   another tangent / |x 
                                  /__|
                                    c
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                                   (Arab riding camel in de-  
      Solve problem with insu-     sert sees 3 Arab brothers
      ficient structure            quarreling, amid 17 
      --------------------->       camels. Seems their father 
  Puts|                    ^Re-    willed elder 1/2 camels; 
   his|                    |claims 2nd, 1/3 camels; youngest
 camel|                    |his    1/9 camels. Division pro-
  with|                    |camel  vokes quarrel. Stranger
 other|                    |& de-  adjoins his camel to
camels|                    |parts  theirs. Assigns elder 1/2
      |                    |       (18) = 9 camels; 2nd, 1/3
      |                    |       (18) = 6 camels; youngest,
      V-------------------->       1/9(18) = 2 camels. 9 + 6
        Apportions camels          + 2 = 17. Stranger re-
                                   claims his camel, departs.
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                 Reach up or work at high places
                   --------------------->
                Put|                    ^Climb down
             ladder|                    |ladder &
           in place|                    |remove it
                   |                    |
                   V-------------------->
                       Accomplish Task
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                  Flee across guarded space
                   --------------------->
                Dig|                    ^Emerge         As in fim, "The
             tunnel|                    |from           Great Escape"
             out of|                    |tunnel
           sight of|                    |beyond
             guards|                    |guardsight
                   V-------------------->
                 Flee underground out sight
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                     Walk on broken leg
                   --------------------->
             Splint|                    ^When leg
             broken|                    |heals,
                leg|                    |remove
                   |                    |splint
                   V-------------------->
                Walk on splint-supported leg
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             Eat meat/fish/vegetables procured raw
                   --------------------->
             Put in|                    ^Eat 
             cooker|                    |food
                   |                    |
                   V-------------------->
               Soften "food" for mastication
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             Dye Easter egg, leaving undyed portion
                   --------------------->
                Rub|                    ^Remove          (Similar for batik 
           "undyed"|                    |wax              dyeing)
           with wax|                    |
                   |                    |
                   |                    |
                   V-------------------->
                     Immerse egg in dye
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