The "Merton Scholars" (a.k.a."Oxford Calculators") consisted of William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, and John Dumbleton, who also worked with Thomas Bradwadine.

The Oxford Calculators distinguished Kinematics from Dynamics. Their studies emphasized Kinematics, and included the investigation of instantaneous velocity. They were the first to enunciate the Mean Speed Theorem: a body traveling at constant velocity will cover the same distance in the same time as an accelerated body if its velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body . They also demonstrated this theorem -- the essence of "The Law of Falling Bodies" -- long before Galileo is credited with this in the Renaissance period.