Along with the development of quantics or quantum theory, the vast field of particle theory has developed, beginning with Dirac's theory of the electron, which predicted antimatter, with corresponding "universes" of particles of matter and of antimatter.

Particle theories of the neutrons, various mesons, quarks, etc., have developed. The one common feature of all of these is that the quantal description needed "coordination" not in the familiar coordinate space of standard physics, but in an "inner space", a topoological description.

In order to obtain satisfactory conservation laws, gauge theory was developed -- but should have been called "phase theory" -- providing for local conservation along with global convervation. The coordination of these invokedforces, hitherto unexplained. These distinctions are clearly topological. And topological conservation laws have gradually been developed.