| NATION | 1300 | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 |
| ITALY | 1302-30: GIOVANNI PISANO PULPIT PISA CATHEDRAL 1305-06: GIOTTO AREA CHAPEL, PADUA DANTE, DIVINE COMEDY 1333: MARTINI, ANNUNCIATION 1339: LORENZETTI, GOOD AND BAD GOVERNMENT 1342-3: PETRARCH, MY SECRET 1345-53: BOCCACIO, DECAMERON | c. FRA ANGELICO, ANNUNCIATION 1404: BRUNI BEGINS HISTORY OF FLORENCE 1416-20: DONATELLO, ST. GEORGE MASACCIO, HOLY TRINITY 1440: VALLA, DONATION OF CONSTANTINE 1452-66: PIERO DELLA FRANCESCO, AREZZO CYCLE c. 1456-6: BOTTICELLI, PRIMAVERA 1469-74: FICINO, PLATONIC THEORY 1474: MANTEGNA, CAMERA DELI SPPOSI c. 1485: GIOVANNI BELLINI, ST. FRANCIS IN ECSTACY 1486: POLIZIANO, MISCELLANEA 1490-5: LEGEND OF ST. URSULA | 1502: ARIOSTO BEGINS ORLANDO FURIOSO 1505: LEONARDO, MONA LISA 1506: BRAMANTE BEGINS WORK ON ST. PETERS' 150-12: MICHELANGELO, SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING 1510-11: RAPHAEL, SCHOOL OF ATHENS 1513: MACHIAVELLI, THE PRINCE 1528: CASTIGIONE, THE COURIER 1537: SANSOVINO BEGINS WORK ON VENICE LIBRARY TITIAN, VENUS OF URBINO 1545-54: CELLINI, PERSEUS 1546: BRONZINO, VENUS, CUPID, FOLLY, AND TIME 1560S: PALLADIO, VILLA ROTUNDA 1573: VERONESE, FEATS IN THE HOUSE OF LEVI 1575-9: BAROCCI, MADONNA OF THE PEOPLE 1594: TINTORETTO: LAST SUPPER | 1600: CARVAGGIO, ST. MATTHEW |
| GERMANY, LOW CNTRIES | 1370: COMMUNITIES OF "COMMON DEVOTION" 1395-1403: SLUTER, MOSES FOUNTAIN | 1430: VAN DER WEYDEN, DEPOSITION 1430: VAN EYCK, ALTARPIECE 1455: OUWATER, RAISING OF LAZARUS 1476:VAN DER GOES, PORTINARI ALTARPIECE 1494: BRANT, SHIP OF FOOLS | c.1505: BOSH, GARDEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHTS c.1505-10: RIEMENSCHNEIDER, ST. PAUL 1511: ERASMUS, IN PRAISE OF FOLLY c.1510-15: GRÜNWALD, ISENHEIM ALTARPIECE 1513-4: DÜRER, THE KNIGHT, THE DEVIL, AND DEATH 1517: REUCHLIN, ON THE ART OF THE CABBALA 1525: ALTDORFER, ST. GEORGE 1530: CRANACH, JUDGMENT OF PARIS c.1558: BREUGHEL, FALL OF ICARUS 1584: LIPSIUS, ON CONSTANCY | ------------------ |
| FRANCE | -------------------- | 1400: FROISSART, CHRONICLES c.1413: LIMBOURG BROTHERS, DUC DE BERRY BOOK OF HOURS c.1450: FOUQUET, VIRGIN AND CHILD 1461: VILLON, TESTAMENT | 1508: BUDÉ, PANDECTS 1509: LEFÈVRE, FIVEFOLD PSALTER 1519: CHAMBORD BEGUN c.1528: CLOUET, FRANÇOIS I 1530S: ROSSO & PRIMATICCIO AT FOUNTAINBLEAU 1532: RABELAIS, PANTAGRUEL 1535: CALVIN, INSTITUT 1552: RONSARD, AMOURS 1558: MARGUERITE D'ANGOULÊME, (PUB.) HEPTAMERON c.1570: CARON, TRIUMPH OF WAR 1580: MONTAIGNE, ESSAYS | 1603: DE THOU, HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME |
| SPAIN AND PORTUGAL | ---------------- | 1420S: FIRST COMPLETE TRANSLATION OF AENIAD IN MODERN LANGUAGE (SP.) 1444: MENA, LABYRINTH OF FORTUNE c.1465: GONSALVES, ST. VINCENT POLYTYCH 1481: NEBRIJA, LATIN INTRODUCTIONS 1499: ROJAS, LA CELESTINE | 1508: MONTALVO, AMADIS OF GAUL 1514-17: COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOT 1534: JAEN CATHEDRAL 1563-84: THE ESCORIAL 1572: CAMOES, THE LUSIADS 1586-88: EL GRECO, BURIAL OF COUNT ORGAS | 1605-15: CERVANTES, DON QUIXOTE |
| ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND | c.1387: CHAUCER BEGINS CANTERBURY TALES | 1476: CAXTON SETS UP LONDON PRESS 1490s: GROCYN'S GREEK LECTURES AT OXFORD 1496: COLET'S SCRIPTURES LECTURES AT OXFORD | 1512-18: TORRIGIANO, TOMB OF HENRY VII 1516: THOMAS MORE, UTOPIA 1518: LINACRE FOUNDS COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS 1531: ELYOT, BOOK OF HOURS 1566: DUNBAR, THE THISTLE AND THE ROSE c.1588: HILLIARD, AN UNKNOWN YOUTH 1590: SPENCER, FAERIE QUEEN 1590: SIDNEY, ARCADIA 1597: DOWLAND, FIRST BOOK OF ENGLISH AIRS 1599: JAMES VI, BASILICON DORON | c.1601: SHAKESPEARE, HAMLET 1616; JONES, QUEEN'S GREENWICH HOUSE |
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 1309-1397: AVIGNON PAPACY 1337: HUNDRED YEARS'WAR BEGINS 1347: BLACK PLAGUE 1353: OTTOMANS BEGIN EUROPEAN INVASION 1378: BEGINNING OF GREAT SCHISM 1385: GIAN CALEAZZO UNITS VISCONTI LANDS IN N. ITALY | 1431: JOAN OF ARC BURNED AT STAKE 1434: COSIMO DE MEDICI RETURNS TO FLORENCE 1453: END OF HUNDRED YEARS' WAR WITH ENGLISH DEFEAT 1453: CONSTANTINOPE FALLS TO OTTOMANS 1454: GUTENBERG USES MOVEABLE TYPE 1454: PEACE OF LODI 1455-85: ENGLISH WAR OF ROSES 1458-64: POPE PIUS II 1471-81: POPE SIXTUS IV 1479: SPANISH INQUISITION BEGINS 1492: COLUMBUS DISCOVERS NEW WORLD 1492: FERDINAND & ISABELLA DRIVE MOORS FROM SPAIN 1492: LORENZO DE MEDICI COMES TO POWER IN FLORENCE 1494: SPAIN & PORTUGAL DIVIDE NEW WORLD 1495: BEGINNING OF ITALIAN WARS 1498: SAVANAROLA BURNED AT STAKE | 1503-13: POPE JULIUS II 1513: BATTLE OF FLODDEN 1513-23: POPE LEO X 1515-46: FRANÇOIS I, FRANCE 1517: LUTHER'S 95 THESES 1519-56: EMPEROR CHARLES V 1519-22: MAGELLAN SAILS AROUND WORLD 1527: SACK OF ROME 1558-1603: QUEEN ELIZABETH i, ENGLAND 1569: MERCATOR PUBLISHES FIRST COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF WORLD 1572: ST. BARTHOLEMEW'S DAY MASSACRE 1587: MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND, EXECUTED 1588: SPANISH ARMADA DEFEATED | BRITISH FOUND EAST INDIA COMPANY 1605: BACON, THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING 1610: GALILEO USES HIS TELESCOPE TO SEE MOUNTAINS ON MOON |