, with H the Hamiltonian
function, define
=
DpH,
= - DqH.
Another formulation is p = D
L, for Lagrangian L.
, with H
the Hamiltonian function, define
= DpH,
= - DqH. Then formulate
i = (qi+1 - qi)/Dt, where
qi = q(t), qi+1 = q(t + Dt
t). Then the equations of motion become qi+1 =
qi + piDt, pi+1 = pi -
Dt(DqiV)q=qi. The
latter equations are not area-preserving (PL), but can be made so, transforming a H. m.
into an area-preserving map.
T, log U
W, with another constant:
T + W = CONSTANT, where T is kinetic energy
and W is "the work function" (The Variational Principles of Mechanics, Cornelius
Lanczos, p. 29). But the work fucyiom is negative potential energy (ibid.). Result:
T - V = CONSTANT, Hamilton's Principle, derived from the Antitonic
Principle. PL Lagrange's Principle derived from the Antitonic Principle (PL) , and
d'Alembert's Principle derived from Newton's Law , with antitonic form.
Ce
[(- w)z-1e-w]/(1 - e-w)dw,
T[z] < 0, |arg(- w)] < p, e
2
pk > 0, and Ce
is a Hankel contour. The Riemann zeta function (PL) can be expressed
in terms of this integral.
1/k. Shown to diverge (PL) (slowly) by integral test (PL) in
comparison to function 1/x. Its generalization is the
Riemann zeta function: z(n) = S
k=1
1/kn. However, the
alternating series (PL) converges: S
k=1
(-1)(k - 1)/k = ln 2. The
sum of the first few terms of the h. s. is given by the nth
harmonic number (PL): Hn = Sj =
1n1/j = g + y0(n +
1), where g is the Euler-Mascheroni constant (PL) and
Y(x) = y0
is the digamma function (PL). Also PL harmonic mean.
0,
z e D. Then
z e D, 0
h(z)
[R/(R -
|z - z0|)]2 h(z0). PL harmonic function, Harnack's
Principle, Liouville's Conformability Theorem.
h2
... on a connected open set (PL), H e C. Then, either hj
uniformly on compact
sets (PL), or there exists a finite-valued harmonic function h e H s. t. hj
h
uniformly on compact sets.
½vers(x) = ½(1 - cos x) = sin2
(½x).
, s.t. p
q
sup {x| p
q = p
x}; (2) JS (suprajuncture), p
q
inf {x|p
q = p
x}; (3) SR (subrupture,
, s.t. p
q
sup {x| p
q =
x}; (4) RS (suprarupture),
, s.t. p
q
sup {x| p
q = p
x}. These 4 operators can be defined on a
partially ordered set or parorder (PL). Their combinations can only be defined on a
complemented distributive lattive or distributive lattice. Definition (5): juncture
("conditional or 'implication'"):
; (6)
rupture ("subtraction"): \
; (7) O
{
,
,
,
. (The conditional can be defined via
complementation, ¬: p
q
p
¬p, hence, requires the ground of a complemented
lattice; similarly for its inverse, subtraction. Motivation, but not terminology for the
above is to be found in Curry17.) Definition (8), operators on O
: d is dual iff interchanging
sup, inf,
,
;
t is transposition iff transposing operational tables )interchanging rows
and columns); v is inverse iff v
dt = td. Theorem 1: dd = tt= vv = i (identity). K
{d, t, v, i} satisfies a commutative diagram,
SJ<--d--->JS
^ \ /^
| v\ / |
t| \ |t
| / \ |
| /v \|
V V
SR<--d--->RS
i.e., has the structure of an Abelian group on two generators (d, t
), i.e., the Klein Vieregruppe with the Cayley Table (PL):
|d t v i
d|i v t d
t|v i d t
v|t d i v
i|d t v i
Theorem 2: We have a SUBRUPTURE ALGEBRA: SR
{G,
}; a SUPRARUPTURE ALGEBRA, RS
{G,
}; a SUBJUNCTURE ALGEBRA, SJ
{G,
}; a SUPRAJUNCTURE
ALGEBRA, JS
{G,
}
. Theorem 3: A
{SR, RS. SJ, JS}
is invariant under transformation of an automorphic group on G2
, namely, K.--Note: The above commutative diagram is
equivalent to the Medieval square of opposition which began with Aristotle's
syllogistic logic in the 4th century BC, containing three claims: that the syllogistic
case of A (all cases) and O (no case) [below] are contradictories, that E (some cases
exist) and I (some cases do not exist) are contradictories, and that A and E are contraries.
(The diagram has appeared in logic texts since that time. Criticized very much in recent decades,
it still finds reference.) The square of opposition embodies a group of theses in
its diagram -- theses independent of the diagram. The theses specify logical relations for
four logical forms:
| NAME | FORM | TITLE | |||||
| A | Every S is P | Universal Affirmative | |||||
| E | No S is P | Universal Negative | |||||
| I | Some S is P | Particular Affirmative | |||||
| O | Some S is not P | Particular Negative | |||||
. Problem: Can this be
generalized to a group-theoretic relation between symtactic and semantic structures? between
mathematics and metamathematics? between logic and metalogic?.
0, sometimes replaced by the Lapace
transform. But the Heaviside unit tunction (PL) (step-function) cannot be subsumed in
Laplace transform. A shift operator, E is s. t. Eap(x) = p(x + a); a shift-invariant operator,
T, commutes with a shift operator: TEa = Ea
T, for all real a in a field (PL). Any two
shift-invariant operators commute. PL delta function.
O
udx =
a
buO
v
dx
, where the dagger denotes conjugate (PL). As shown in Sturm-Liouville theory
, any self-adjoint (PL) operator satisfying certain boundary conditions is
automatically a Hermitian operator. A H. o. has real eigenvalues (PL) and
orthogonal eigenfunctions (PL) which can form a complete set (PL).
used in
the second derivative test (PL): D
H f(x,y)
.
.
(i + j - 1)-1;i,j = 1,2,...,n. They are difficult to invert numerically
, but analytically the imverse members are given by: (H
-1)ij = (-1)i+j(i + j -1)C(n+i-1,n-j) + C(n+i-1,n-i) +
[C(i+j-2,i-1)]2, where C(n,i) = n!/i!(n-1)!, for
factorial, 1*2*...*(n-1)*n.
f(x)g(x)dx. A H.s. is always a Banach space
(PL) but some B. spaces are not H. spaces.
-1 is the
2-D rotation operator and sought a 3-D operator, but ended with a 4-D operator:
the quaternion. However, using the multivector outer product,
(inherently alternating, hence, anticommutative -- derivable from
inner product: outerprod.htm -- we easily find,
applying this to the basis elements that b1
b2 = i =
-1, so that we have a 3-D rotation
operator via b1
b2
b3. And the 4-D quaternionic operator via
b1
b2
b3
b4. Furthermore, the Hodge star operator is the negative of
the 3-D rotation operator, placing all this within the same algebra. (PL
multiprop.htm .)
N; an R-module w.r. to map addition,
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) and scalar product, (af)(x) = af(x)
, for all a in R.