H
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Haar measure
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Every locally compact (PL) Hausdorff group (PL) has (up to scalars), uniquely, a nonzero left invariant measure (PL), which is finite on compact sets. If also Abelian (PL) or compact (PL) , the measure is also right invariant (PL) and compact and constitutes a Haar measure.
Hadamard matrix
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A class of square matrices (PL) invented by J. J. Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1867. J. S. Hadamard (1865-1963) considered only square matrices of ones and negative ones s. t., when columns or rows are placed side-by-side, half of the adjacent cells of th same sign, half of the other. Treating ones as black cells, negative ones as white cells, the matrix has n(n - 1)/2 white squares (negative ones) and n(n - 1)/2 black squares (ones). A H. m. solves the Hadamard maximum determinant problem. Walsh functions (PL) can provide a H. m.
Hadamard product
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A representation of the Riemann zeta function (PL) as a product of its nontrivial zeros.
Hahn-Banach theorem
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A linear functional (PL), both defined on a subspace of a vector space and dominated by a sublinear function defined on the vector space, has a linear extension which is also dominated by the sublinear function.
hairy ball theorem
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L. E. J. Brouwer (1881-1966) proved the impossibility of an everywhere nonzero tangent vector field on the 2-sphere. Implications: a combed hairy ball has at least two bald spots; somewhere on earth must exist two distinct regions of dead calm. Generalizes to the general-dimensional sphere.
half-closed (half-open) interval
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Such that one end-point (PL) is stated, but not the other. Denoted, (a,b], [a, b).
Hall's theorem
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Given a family of sets, then there exists a representation for it iff the union (PL) of any k of these sets contains at least k elements for the entire family.
Hamel basis
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A basis (PL) for the real numbers as a vector space over the rational numbers: a set of reals, {Ra}, s. t. every real, r, has a unique representation of the form, r = Sni=1qiRa i, where qi is rational, and n depends on r. The axiom of choice (PL) implies that "Every vector space has a basis", hence the need for a Hamel basis.
Hamiltonian cycle (circuit, path)
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A closed loop in a graph s. t. every node (PL) is visited only once. Named for Sir Wiliam Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865) who proposed the notion in a puzzle. A graph with a Hamiltonian circuit is a Hamiltonian graph. All platonic solids (PL) and all Archimedean solids (PL) have Hamiltonian circuits. In general, the question of a Hamiltonian circuit is NP-complete (PL), usually requiring an exhaustive search in a particular case.
Hamilton-Cayley theorem
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PL Cayler- Hamilton theorem.
Hamilton's equations
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Given , with H the Hamiltonian function, define = DpH, = - DqH. Another formulation is p = D L, for Lagrangian L.
Hamiltonian (Hamilton-connected) graph
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A graph is H-c iff evry pair of its vertices are connected by a Hamiltonian path (PL i. e. s. t. any edge of the graph visits a node just once). Every complete graph (PL, each vertex is connected by an edge) is Hamiltonian.
Hamiltonian map
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Start with a 1-D H. m., H(p, q) = ½p2 + V(q) satisfying Hamilton's equations -- , with H the Hamiltonian function, define = DpH, = - DqH. Then formulate i = (qi+1 - qi)/Dt, where qi = q(t), qi+1 = q(t + Dt t). Then the equations of motion become qi+1 = qi + piDt, pi+1 = pi - Dt(DqiV)q=qi. The latter equations are not area-preserving (PL), but can be made so, transforming a H. m. into an area-preserving map.
Hamiltonian (Hamilton) path (cycle)
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PL Hamiltnian cycle.
Hamilton's complex number vectors
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Hamilton created the word "vector" to label his introduction of complex numbers as 2-vectors of real numbers. This initiated a program for writing all numbers systems beyond natural numbers as vectors of members from the preceding system.
Hamilton's Icosian Game
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The problem of finding a Hamiltonian path (circuit, cycle) along a dodehahedron was turned into a puzzle by Hamilton in 1857 as a pegboard with holes at the nodes of the dodecahedral graph and distributed commercially in Europe in many forms.
Hamilton's Principle derived from Antitonic Principle (Hays)
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(In style of Lanczos' derivation of the d'Alembert Principle, PL). Given the antitone (PL), S * U = CONSTANT , take the logarithm: log S + log U = 0. We assign: log S T, log U W, with another constant: T + W = CONSTANT, where T is kinetic energy and W is "the work function" (The Variational Principles of Mechanics, Cornelius Lanczos, p. 29). But the work fucyiom is negative potential energy (ibid.). Result: T - V = CONSTANT, Hamilton's Principle, derived from the Antitonic Principle. PL Lagrange's Principle derived from the Antitonic Principle (PL) , and d'Alembert's Principle derived from Newton's Law , with antitonic form.
Hamilton's quaternions
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PL quaternions.
Hamilton's rules
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PL quaternions .
handbook, mathematics
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To fulfill a big gap in mathematical education today.
handle
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A structure in topology (PL) produced by puncturing a surface twice, attaching a zip (PL) around each puncture (circulating in opposite directions), pulling together the zip edges, and (by surgery, PL) zipping up. A handle in a manifold is homologous to a cell in a CW-complex. Given a manifold with a (k - 1)-sphere, S k-1 embedded in its boundary having a trivial tubular neighborhood (PL), one attaches a k-handle to the manifold by gluing the tubular neighborhood of the (k - 1)-sphere, S k-1 to the tubular neighborhood of the standard (k - 1) -sphere, Sk-1. Dyck's theorem, PL states that handles and cross-handles are equivalent in the presence of a cross-cap, PL . (PL classification theorem of surfaces.)
Hankel functions
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Of two types, the most common one is complex (a.k.a. Bessel function of third kind, Webber function) and linearly combines Bessel functions of first and second kind. Another ype of H. f. is defined by the contour integral: He (z) = Ce [(- w)z-1e-w]/(1 - e-w)dw, T[z] < 0, |arg(- w)] < p, e 2 pk > 0, and Ce is a Hankel contour. The Riemann zeta function (PL) can be expressed in terms of this integral.
Hankel transform
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Equivalent to a 2-D Fourier transform with a radially symmetric kernel (PL); also known as Fourier- Bessel transform.
harmonic
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Diversely used in mathematics.
harmonic analysis
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PL Fourier series .
harmonic conjugate points
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For collinear points (PL), W, X, Y, Z, then Y, Z are conjugate points w. r. to W, X iff |WY|/|YX| = |WZ|/|XZ|. The distances between such points are in harmonic ratio (PL) , and their line is a harmonic segment. Harmonic points divide a line segment both internally and externally in equal ratios. Harmonic conjugate points are also defined for a triangle. If W, X have trilinear coordnates , a:b:g, a':b':g ', then the trilinear coordinates of the harmonic conjugates are: Y = a + a':b + b':g + g', Z = a - a':b - b':g - g' .
harmonic mean
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Given a set, S, of cardinality, c, the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the c elements is their harmonic mean. Given a harmonic progression, its "middle" is its harmonic mean. The harmonic mean represents rates, such as " average speed", which is total distance traversed divided by total time taken. (The Pythagoreans in ancient Greece used the marmonic mean to create the chromatic scale of Western music, hence the name.)
harmonic number
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Of the form: Hn = Snk=1 1/k, or analytically: Hn = g + y0(n + 1), where g is the Euler-Mascheroni constant (PL) and Y(x) = y0(x) is the digamma function (PL). The first few harmonic numbers, Hn are 1, 3/2, 11/6, 25/12, 127/60, .... That the only integral harmonic number is the first one is proven by using the strong triangular inequality (PL) to show that the 2-adic (PL) value of Hn is greater than 1 for n > 1. Harmonic numbers are related to the Riemann hypothesis (PL). (PL the Ore number (harmonic divisor number).
harmonic progression
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A set of numbers forms a harmonic progression iff their reciprocals form an arithmetic progression (PL). Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, ... -> 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, .... The "middle" of a harmonic progression is its harmonic mean ("average" or representative).
harmonic series
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The sum of an infinite sequence of positive integers (or Egyptian fractions, PL): 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ... + 1/k + ... = Sk=1 1/k. Shown to diverge (PL) (slowly) by integral test (PL) in comparison to function 1/x. Its generalization is the Riemann zeta function: z(n) = S k=11/kn. However, the alternating series (PL) converges: S k=1(-1)(k - 1)/k = ln 2. The sum of the first few terms of the h. s. is given by the nth harmonic number (PL): Hn = Sj = 1n1/j = g + y0(n + 1), where g is the Euler-Mascheroni constant (PL) and Y(x) = y0 is the digamma function (PL). Also PL harmonic mean.
Harnack's inequality
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Given an open disk (PL), D = D(z0, R) , and a harmonic function (PL) on the disk s. t. h(z) 0, z e D. Then z e D, 0 h(z) [R/(R - |z - z0|)]2 h(z0). PL harmonic function, Harnack's Principle, Liouville's Conformability Theorem.
Harnack's Principle
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Given harmonic functions h1 h2 ... on a connected open set (PL), H e C. Then, either hj uniformly on compact sets (PL), or there exists a finite-valued harmonic function h e H s. t. hj h uniformly on compact sets.
Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension
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PL capacity dimension.
Hausdorff (T-2) space
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A topological space fulfilling the T2-axioM: any two points have disjoint neighborhoods (PL). (Sometimes said "to have Hausdorff topology (PL)" or "to be Hausdorff".) Example of a non-Hausdorff space: the Etale space (PL).
Hausdorff topology
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PL topological space.
haversine
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Given the versine: hav(x) ½vers(x) = ½(1 - cos x) = sin2 (½x).
hays agenda
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Much remains to be done in mathematics and mathematical education.
hays antitone
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PL antitone.
hays antitonic repertory
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PL antitonic repertory.
hays arithmetical derivations
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PL integer, rational number, real number, complex number.
hays asserbility measure
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PL asserbility.
hays ballot measure
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An indicator table can measure by 1 or 0
  • the occupancy/nonoccupancy of set elements in set theory or probability theory;
  • truth/falsity of statements of a statement logic;
  • the partial ordering in a lattice (perhaps only so used here).
The ballot is the count of 1's in a given indicator column. (In statement logic, this measure, ballot, can be used to form a ratio of asserbility -- PL.)
hays bimodul
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PL bimodul (hays).
hays commutator bracket
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the standard commutator for matrices or operators: [A, B] = AB — BA. Here, the "carriers" commute (interchange), but no subscript/indix is involved. The same bracket form can be written in [k1, k2] = k1k2 — k2k1, in which there is no "carrier" commutation, only commutation of index/subscript. However, there is need for a commutator bracket providing for xommutation (interchange) both of "carriers" and of index/subscripts. [a, b]ij Thus, º (ab — ba)ij = aibj — biaj º ¯[b, a], with subscripts over any suitable range. This is useful in soccinct expression of the multivector outerproduct (PL). Note that the STANDARD BRACKET, [A,B] = AB — BA is a "vector" (MATRIX, OPERATOR, etc.) BRACKET, whereas this extended BRACKET is a SCALAR BRACKET. Another application of this BRACKET can be interpolated in an example in advanced calculus[2x] in showing exterior product, equivalent to multivector outerproduct:
  • u = f(x,y), v = g(x,y);
  • du = f1dx + f2dy; dv = g1dx + g2dy;
  • dudv = (f1dx + f2dy)(g1dx + g2dy) = (f1g2 — g1f1)dxdy = [f, g]1,2dxdy -- because dxdx = dydy = 0, dydx = ¯dxdy UNDER EXTERIOR PRODUCT (OUTER PRODUCT).
This BRACKET is IMPLICIT IN THE MULTIPLICATION RULE FOR MATRICES, in the CONTEXT OF THE COMMUTATOR, following from a well=known matrix theorem, namely, aijbjk = cik, showing that this extended bracket inherits the transitivity. Physicists and physics students can find that this BRACKET succently renders erivation of the commutator of a particular angular momentum in forming "product" two components. As with the standard commutator bracket, this satisfies the Jacobi identity (PL) which is known the literature for providing "associativty" for the Lie bracket (PL).
hays diagram.
A (nontrivial) venn diagram (PL) consists of a rectangle to denote "universe of discourse" with two or more intersecting circles, denoting sets of elements. A number can be Venn-modeled iff the number is "square-free": contains each prime factor to power one. For numbers with primes to higher powers, concentric circles provide modeling -- similar to different elevations in a topograph or increased pressure in meteorological mapping.
hays equipollence
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PL equipollence.
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hays fidance measure
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PL fidance.
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hays frintegers
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PL frintegers
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hays function
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PL partorial
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hays fuzzy logic
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PL fuzzy logic, digital.
hays generating function
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The frequency distribution (PL) of the partorial can be obtained as the polynomial coefficient distribution (PL) of the generating function: (1 + u)(1 + u + u2) (1 + u + u2 + (1 + u + u2 + u3)...(1 + u + u2 + u3 + ... + un). By relabeling u -> q, this becomes the generating function of the Gaussian q-nomial (PL), a generalization of the familiar binomial. Hence, the partorial inherits all the "connections" of the "Gaussian". (PL partorial probability distribution.)
hays indicator measure
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An indicator table can be obtained from a truth table (PL) by replacing "T" amd "F" respectively with "1" and "0". This table appears in the standard literature for statement logic and set theory probability theory, but apparently never for lattices -- although the Pythagorean repertory (PL) shows that each of these may be interchanged. But the standard form allows only for singular tokenage, and to model, say, composite numbers in a factor lattice -- as the already familiar distributive lattice of Dedekind for this purpose -- each increased tokenage must be represented by a column equivalent to that modeling the singular tokenage.
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hays intrinsic arithmetic
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PL intrinsic arithmetic.
hays multivector product derivations
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The theory of multivectors (a.k.a. Clifford algebra, a.k.a. Arithmetic of Clifford Numbers) is uniquely characterized by three multivector product, namely, inner product, outer product, multivector (variously labeled in the literature). Although these are by default defined axiomatically and treated "reconditely" in the literature, they can all be derived on a level of high school algebra in a few lessons.
  • Given a scalar triangle (PL) transformed into a vector triangle (PL), the corresponding transformation of the law of cosines (usually derived from inner product) results in the inner product of vectors.
  • Given two independent vectors (with null inner product) and a third independent but unspecified structure, algebraic elimination leads to two equations in three unknowns, which can be resolved by specifying a relating structure, and two choices arise for specifying that third independent structure: a 1-vector choice leads to the vector or cross product of Gibbs-Heavide vector theory; a bivector choice leads to outer product of multivectors.
  • The derivation of multiproduct proceeds in these stages:
    1. a trinomial (as polynomial correspondent of a 3-D vector) is studied and found to separate into a heterogeneous subpolynomial plus a homogenous subpolynomial;
    2. the outerproduct is found correspondent to a heterogeneous polynomial, and the innerproduct to a homogeneous polynomial;
    3. a new operation is designed to conserve the heterogeneity/homogeneity of a polynomial;
    4. the application of this operation to two independent polynomials results in a sum of a heterogeneous subpolynomial and a homogeneous subpolynomial;
    5. the previous result can then be identified with the axiomatically declared multiproduct as sum of outerproduct and innerproduct, thus explaining this powerful operation (as it is not explained in the literature.
hays parorder algebras
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Given G as ground set, structurable as a distributive lattice, D, with P as its complemented sublattice , define infix binary operators for elements p, q in the ground set: (1) SJ (subjuncture), , s.t. p q sup {x| p q = p x}; (2) JS (suprajuncture), p q inf {x|p q = p x}; (3) SR (subrupture, , s.t. p q sup {x| p q = x}; (4) RS (suprarupture), , s.t. p q sup {x| p q = p x}. These 4 operators can be defined on a partially ordered set or parorder (PL). Their combinations can only be defined on a complemented distributive lattive or distributive lattice. Definition (5): juncture ("conditional or 'implication'"): ; (6) rupture ("subtraction"): \ ; (7) O {,, , . (The conditional can be defined via complementation, ¬: p q p ¬p, hence, requires the ground of a complemented lattice; similarly for its inverse, subtraction. Motivation, but not terminology for the above is to be found in Curry17.) Definition (8), operators on O : d is dual iff interchanging sup, inf, , ; t is transposition iff transposing operational tables )interchanging rows and columns); v is inverse iff v dt = td. Theorem 1: dd = tt= vv = i (identity). K {d, t, v, i} satisfies a commutative diagram,

			SJ<--d--->JS
                          ^ \   /^
                          | v\ / |
                         t|   \  |t
                          |  / \ |
                          | /v  \|
                          V      V
                        SR<--d--->RS
i.e., has the structure of an Abelian group on two generators (d, t ), i.e., the Klein Vieregruppe with the Cayley Table (PL):

                                |d  t  v  i
                               d|i  v  t  d
                               t|v  i  d  t
                               v|t  d  i  v
                               i|d  t  v  i
Theorem 2: We have a SUBRUPTURE ALGEBRA: SR {G, }; a SUPRARUPTURE ALGEBRA, RS {G, }; a SUBJUNCTURE ALGEBRA, SJ {G, }; a SUPRAJUNCTURE ALGEBRA, JS {G, } . Theorem 3: A {SR, RS. SJ, JS} is invariant under transformation of an automorphic group on G2 , namely, K.--Note: The above commutative diagram is equivalent to the Medieval square of opposition which began with Aristotle's syllogistic logic in the 4th century BC, containing three claims: that the syllogistic case of A (all cases) and O (no case) [below] are contradictories, that E (some cases exist) and I (some cases do not exist) are contradictories, and that A and E are contraries. (The diagram has appeared in logic texts since that time. Criticized very much in recent decades, it still finds reference.) The square of opposition embodies a group of theses in its diagram -- theses independent of the diagram. The theses specify logical relations for four logical forms:
NAME FORM TITLE
A Every S is P Universal Affirmative
E No S is P Universal Negative
I Some S is P Particular Affirmative
O Some S is not P Particular Negative
The diagram for the traditional square of opposition is:

. Problem: Can this be generalized to a group-theoretic relation between symtactic and semantic structures? between mathematics and metamathematics? between logic and metalogic?.

hays "Pecking-Order" repertory
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PL "PECKING-ORDER" repertory.
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hays probability distribution
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PL partorial probability distribution.
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hays rectrex
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PL rectrex.
hays reform of Euclidean geometry
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Euclidean geometry (PL) can be defined as the study of properties conserved by the Euclidean group, based upon the transformations of translation, rotation, reflection. However, it has been shown [12] that all of Euclidean geometry can be derived from reflection (reducing the Euclidean group to a single transformation). The knowledge of this simplification has yet to be disseminated in our schools and in the literature. The consequences of this reform have yet to be considered. (Mathematical physics seems even more "backward" with respect to this, having long dealt with two types of momenta, namely, linear and angular momenta, corresponding, respectively, to the translation, rotation transformations of the Euclidean group, without a momentum correspondent of reflection. The latter, as with "spin" in Quantum Theory, is binary with the same trigonometric half-angle transformation. Does reflection generate a "bimomentum", and is it equivalent to "spin"? And if the Euclidean transformations reduce to reflection, what does this imply in Mechanics and Quantum Theory? At present, such questions are being ignored, although mention of this reduction appeared in a book12 by a writer on Quantum Theory in 1972.)
hays repertory
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PL repertory.
hays set theory
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PL o-set theory and t-set theory.
hays ("Turing') test
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hays vectorlogic
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PL vector logic.
head of vector
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Directing point, where arrowhead is placed.
Heaviside calculus
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Motivated by work of mathematician George Boole (x-y), electricalengineer Oliver Heaviside studied shift- invariant operators (PL) which are polynomials in the differential operator, solving differential equations (PL) of the form: p( D) = g(x), p(0) 0, sometimes replaced by the Lapace transform. But the Heaviside unit tunction (PL) (step-function) cannot be subsumed in Laplace transform. A shift operator, E is s. t. Eap(x) = p(x + a); a shift-invariant operator, T, commutes with a shift operator: TEa = Ea T, for all real a in a field (PL). Any two shift-invariant operators commute. PL delta function.
Heaviside unit (step) function
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A "discontinuous" function: H(x) = 0, x < 0; = ½, x = ½; = 1, x > 0.
Heawood conjecture
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That the bound for sufficent number of colors for map coloring (PL) for surface of topological genus (PL) g: g(g) = |_½(7 + (48g + 1)½_| is best possible (where |_x_| is the floor function, PL).
height
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PL standard dictionary.
Heine-Borel theorem
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If a closed set of points on a line that can be covered by a set of intervals s. t. every set-point is interior to at least one of the intervals, then a finite number of intervals have this property. (The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem is a special case.
helical
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PL helix.
helix
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3-D curve with parametric equations (PL): x = r cos t, y = r sin t, z = ct, for radius r, with c a constant measuring vertical separation of helix's loops. The curvature: k = r/(r2 + c2); locus of center of curvature of helix is another helix. The arc length: s = (r2 + c2) ½t. The torsion: t = c/(r2 + c2), so k/t = r/c. The minimal surface (PL) of a helix is a helicoid
hemisphere
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Half of a sphere bisected by a plane through its center. With radius r: x = rcosqcosf, y = rcosqsinf, z = rcosf. Volume: 2/3pr2.
heptagon
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A seven-sided polygon.
hereditary property
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Passing from a topological space (PL) to each subspace w. r. to its relative topology (PL). Rxamples: 1st & 2nd countability, metrizability, separation axioms.
Hermitian adjoint
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PL Hermitian matrix and adjoint (PL).
Hermitian form
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PL adjoint matrix.
Hermitian matrix
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A square matrix (PL) which is self-adjoint (PL). That is, for matrix M, M = M*, where M* is the adjoint matrix. It follows that the diagonal elements of a Hermitian matrix are real numbers. Important examples are the Pauli matrices (PL). Being symmetric (PL) is the associated property for integral, rational or real number matrices. A Hermitian matrix has real eigenvalues (PL) whose eigenvectors for a unitary basis (PL). Any nonHermition matrix can be written as the sum of a Hermitian and a skew-Hermitian (PL) matrix. Given a unitary matrix, U and a Hermitian matrix H, then the adjoint matrix of a similarity transformation (PL) is (UH-1)* = [(UH)(U-1]* = (U-1)*(UH)* = (U*)*(H*U*) = UHU* = UHU-1.
Hermitian operator
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An operator (PL) O s.t. abvOudx = a buOvdx , where the dagger denotes conjugate (PL). As shown in Sturm-Liouville theory , any self-adjoint (PL) operator satisfying certain boundary conditions is automatically a Hermitian operator. A H. o. has real eigenvalues (PL) and orthogonal eigenfunctions (PL) which can form a complete set (PL).
Hessian determinant
. The determinant (PL) used in the second derivative test (PL): D H f(x,y) .
heterogeneous polynomial
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A polynomial in which subscripts of coefficients and "variables" or functands (PL) in a given term do not agree. PL homogeneous polynomial. (Note: This is apparently ignored everywhere but at Hays websites. PL Hays multivector product derivations.)
hexadecimal number system
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Base sizteen notation for writing numbers: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E. Finds use in computer programming.
hexagon
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A convex polygon (PL) with eight sides.
hexahedron
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A convex polyhedron bounded by 8 hexagons (PL).
Hilbert basis
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A H. b. for the vector pace (PL) of square summable sequences, (sn) = s1, s2,... is given by the standard basis, sj = dij (the Kronecker delta function, PL) so that (an) = S aisi, S|ai|2 < .
Hilbert cube
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A Cartesian product of a countable infinity (PL) of copies of the (closed) interval [0, 1], making it a subspace of Hilbert space. It characterizes topological spaces: a separable and metrizable t. s. is homeomorphic to a subpace of the H. c.
Hilbert matrix
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A matrix (PL) H with members Hij (i + j - 1)-1;i,j = 1,2,...,n. They are difficult to invert numerically , but analytically the imverse members are given by: (H -1)ij = (-1)i+j(i + j -1)C(n+i-1,n-j) + C(n+i-1,n-i) + [C(i+j-2,i-1)]2, where C(n,i) = n!/i!(n-1)!, for factorial, 1*2*...*(n-1)*n.
Hilbert Nullstellensatz
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The sense is that the theory of algebraically closed fields is a complete model. Given an algebraically closed field, F, and an ideal, I in F(x), for x = (x1, x 2,...,xn} as a finite set of indeterminates (PL). Let k e F(x) be s.t., for any (u 1, u2,...,un}, if each element of ideal I vanishes by setting each xi = ui, then k also vanishes. If so, kj resides in ideal I, for some j.
Hilbert-Schmidt theorem
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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Hilbert space
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A vector space with inner product, [f,g], s.t. the norm defined by, [f,f]1/2 qualifies it as a complete metric space, otherwise an inner product space. Some finite-dimensional examples: real numbers with vector dot product (PL); complex numbers with vector dot product of a vector and its complex conjugate (PL). An example of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is L2, the set of all functions on real numbers s.t. the integral of the squared-function is finite over the entire real line, with inner product [f,g] = f(x)g(x)dx. A H.s. is always a Banach space (PL) but some B. spaces are not H. spaces.
Hilbert's challenges
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At the Second International Congress (mathematical), Aug. 8, 1900, Hilbert presented a list of 23 problems to be solved, and satisfaction of these challenges has characterized mathematical progress over the years.
hippopede (horse fetter)
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A curve given by the polar equation, r2 = 4b(a - bsin2q).
Hodge's theorem
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Given a compact (PL) oriented (PL) Finsler boundary (PL), each cohomology class (PL) has a unique representation .
Hodge star operator
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The standard (somewhat esoteric) exposition: Given an oriented (PL) n -dimensional Riemann manifold (PL), the H. s. is an operator that converts an alternating (PL) differential k-form a() to an alternating (n - k) -form. For an oriented orthonormal basis (PL), , (b1,b2,...,bn) , we find: a(b1, b2,...,bn) = (a*)(b1, b2,...bn). In the theory of differential forms (PL), the H. s. is part of exterior algebra, which can be linked to interior algebra (with inner product) only by a pullback. On the other hand, the exposition in multivector theory, PL, is easily understood and has far richer consequences. W. S. Hamilton (1805-65) showed that i = -1 is the 2-D rotation operator and sought a 3-D operator, but ended with a 4-D operator: the quaternion. However, using the multivector outer product, (inherently alternating, hence, anticommutative -- derivable from inner product: outerprod.htm -- we easily find, applying this to the basis elements that b1b2 = i = -1, so that we have a 3-D rotation operator via b1b2b3. And the 4-D quaternionic operator via b1b2b3b4. Furthermore, the Hodge star operator is the negative of the 3-D rotation operator, placing all this within the same algebra. (PL multiprop.htm .)
holomorphic
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An analytic function (PL).
holonomy
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General concept in category theory (PL) for globalizing of topological or differential structures. PL monoodomy.
holonomy group
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On a Riemannian manifold (PL), M, tangent vectors can be moved moved along a path by parallel transport (PL), preserving vector addition and scalar multiplication. Then a closed loop at a base point, p, induces an invertible (PL) linear (PL) map of TMp, i.e., the tangent vectors at p. And concatenation of closed loops is achieved by following one after another, inverting them by going backward. Thus, the set of all linear transformations along closed loops forms a group (PL), the holonomy group. Because parallel transport preserves the Riemannian matic (PL), the h. g. is a subset of the orthogonal group, O(n). And, if the manifold is oriented (PL), its h. g. is a subset of the special orthogonal group. On a flat manifold, two homotopic loops correspond to the same linear transformation, so that the h. g. is a group representation of the fundamental group of the manifold. However, the curvature of a manifold changes the parallel transport between homotopic loops, wih the difference is given by an integral of the curvature.
Hom
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An operator in category thoery (PL). For two modules (PL) over a unit ring (PL), R, namely, M, N, the operation, HomR(M,N) yields the set of all module homeomorphisms, M N; an R-module w.r. to map addition, (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) and scalar product, (af)(x) = af(x) , for all a in R.
homeomorphic
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General definitions: (1)similarity of form; (2)one-one continuous,with continuous inverse; (3)intrinsic topological equivalence. Two homeomorphic objects can be deformed into each other by a continuous invertible transformation, ignoring their embedding spaces so that the deformation can occur in a higher-dimensional space. Examples of homeomorphism: mirror images; any two Möbius strips with even-numbered (odd-numbered) twists. In category-theoretic terms, homeomorhisms are isomorphisms (PL) in the category of topological spaces (PL) and contnuous maps (PL).
homogeneous differential equation
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PL ordinary d. e.
homogeneous polynomial
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A polynimial in which subscripts of coefficients and "variables" or functands (PL) agree, as in a1b1x2 + a2b2y2 + a3b3z2 = a1b1x1x1 + a2b2 x2x2 + a3b3x3x3. (Note: This is apparently ignored everywhere but at Hays websites. PL Hays multivector product derivations.)
homogeneous space
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homogeneous system
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homological algebra
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homology
The homology is, potentially, our greatest PATTERNING form for discovering and teaching and social motivation. Although ancient -- going back to Euclid, and earlier -- yet it is foolishly neglected. And it is trivialized in the multiple choice puerilities of standardized tests. As a humdrum homology, used in standardizedtests: wheel: vehicle:: foot: animal. "Wheel plays the relation to vehicle that foot plays to animal". Yes, it's sometimes called an "analogy" -- by confusion. Here, we have both RELATA and RELATIONS. Above, the RELATA are "wheel", "vehicle", "foot", "animal". The RELATIONS are implied. For, wheel has the RELATION of PROPELLOR to vehicle; and foot also has the RELATION of PROPELLOR to an animal. The RELATIONS are the SAME, while the RELATA are DIFFERENT. Hence, this form is an ANALOGY when you emphasize the RELATA; a HOMOLOGY, when you emphasize the RELATION(S). DISCOVERY: If you rewrite the previous homological example as, "_____ is to vehicle as foot is to animal", the reader realizes (or discovers) that the implied propelling process of foot to animal is fulfilled by wheel to vehicle. The homology gave rise to the CONCEPT of RATIOS and RATIONAL NUMBERS in MATHEMATICS. TEACHIING: Consider the test form, "___ is to 6 as 5 is to 10". We realize that "5 is half of 10", so the form asks, What is half of 6?" -- answer: 3. Writing it another way, "3:6::5:10" gives rise to the RATIONAL form, "3/6 = 5/10", whereby the solidus, "/", replaces the colon, and equality, "=", replaces double colons. Thus, we can rehearse or motivate students via oral and word or rhetorical forms of the homology to induce their ingenuity. SOCIALLY: we can guide STUDENTS to parse out a homology -- beginning with oneself and one's experience -- and complete it by a seemingly comparable role in situation with a schoolmate or neighbor. Thus, Betty realizes that her new bangs preen her the way that Purlie's cornrows preen her. (Betty: bangs::Purlie:cornrows) Or start with the "side" of the OTHER, and try to find something comparable with SELF. Thus, when Jimmy tries to understand how Juanito felt when schoolkids called him a "Spic", Jimmy remembers how he he felt when schoolkids called him "a bastard" (Jimmy:bastard::Juanito:spic). SCIENTIFICALLY: students can be shown how homologies and ratios explain different regimes of the physical world as changes of rate. The homology, human: gravity::fly: watery_surface_tension, means that a fly trying to get a drink of water from a pool is in the same danger as a human leaning over a cliff to pick a flower. For, while you leave a bath or pool with a minute fraction of water on you, a mouse leaves with water equal to its own weight and a fly leaves water with several times its weight -- due to the surface tension of water. Such ideas can prepare students to understand homology as a powerful tool of LEARNING, alternatively of DISCOVERY, as shown in a TABLE.
homology group
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homology theory
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homomorphism
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homotopy
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homotopy group
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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homotopy theory
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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horn angle
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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Horner's method
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hsuan-pan
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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Hurwitz polynomial
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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Huygens' approximation
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbola
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic cosecant
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic cosine
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic cotangent
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic functions
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic geometry
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic paraboloid
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic point
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic secant
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic sine
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic space
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic spiral
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic tangent
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperbolic umbilic catastrophe
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PL catastrophe.
hyperboloid
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hyperboloid of revolution
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hypercomplex numbers
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A number with two more independent instances of unit element (PL). Thus, complex numbers have two such units; quaternions, four; octononions, eight; etc. (The sequence of hypercomplex numbers with 2n independent units can be generated from complex numbers.)
hypergeometric series
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hypocycloid
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hypotenuse
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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hypotrochoid
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May be read at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary /browse/19/
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